#PASCO CAPSTONE 1.9.0 CRACKER#
#PASCO CAPSTONE 1.9.0 SERIES#

How large is the period of the sinusoidal voltage described by equation 1 in seconds? Note that the 120 volt of a standard outlet does not refer to the amplitude of the AC-voltage. The time for the sine function to go from zero to one, back to zero, to minus one, and then back to zero again, is called the period. The maximum value of equation 1 is called the amplitude of the voltage. The voltage out of a wall socket in your dorm room varies according to equation 1a as a function of the time. So the voltage across its terminals varies as a function of the time with a frequency of 60 Hz and can be described by the following function: V( t) Vo sin 2 f t 120* 2 sin 120 t 170sin 377t We say that the voltage is sinusoidal.

The power strips in your dorm-room for example provide an AC voltage of 120 volts. We refer to such a voltage source as an AC voltage source. Some power adapters provide an Alternating Voltage across its terminals. Voltage sources however, are not always DC voltage sources. it provides a constant electric potential across its terminals. If we ignore the internal resistance of a battery, a battery can be considered to be a DC voltage source, i.e.

All the voltages across its components are referred to as DC voltages and all the currents through its components are referred to as DC currents. We refer to such a circuit as a DC-circuit. If a circuit only consists of resistors such a voltage source creates a constant current through the components of the circuit. the voltage sources were providing a constant electric potential across its terminals. Earlier this semester when we discussed circuits, we always assumed that the batteries, i.e. Equipment: Pasco RLC circuit board, Model 2001 AC generator, dual trace oscilloscope.

#PASCO CAPSTONE 1.9.0 SERIES#

Purpose: To study the behavior of the AC voltage signals across elements in a simple series connection of a resistor with an inductor and with a capacitor. AC-resistances of capacitor and inductors: Reactances. High Natural Gas/ Oil Ratio Low Relative Competitiveness of USGC Cracking РІР‚вЂњ Gas vs.1 11.

Only integrated refining/chemical companies likely to play.

Steam cracking as РІР‚Вconversion capacityРІР‚в„ў.

Distillate future: Hydrocracking & coking.

Gasoline future: FCC, coking, benzene extraction.

Western Hemisphere Crude Shifts Source: Simmons & Co., Platts

Invested/investing in hydrotreating & coking.

Global demand and limited supply growth => favorable margins in recent years.

US fuels demand greater than domestic supply.

No new grass roots US refineries in last 30 years.US Ethylene Market Expected demand growth met by capacity creep/de-bottlenecks Source: CMAI Higher Values for РІР‚Сљnon-C2РІР‚Сњ On-Purpose Propylene Growth Source: CMAI

#PASCO CAPSTONE 1.9.0 CRACKER#

Middle East 9% of world ethylene today РїС“В 14% by 2010 Source: CMAIР”В©.9 2.5 1.0 1.8 -1.0 -1.0 export import 1996 2001 2010 Shifting trade flows in polyethyleneNet trade in polyethylene 1996 РІР‚вЂњ 2010 (mln t/a ) 0.3 1.8 1.9 -0.4 -0.9 -1.1 -2.0 -1.0 -8.3 -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 Source: historical data - Parpinelli TECNON Shell forecastsР”В¬o-Product Price Composite Index USGC Generic Naphtha Cracker Percent Basket of naphtha cracker co-product values, normalized by crude price and indexed to long-term average, includes propylene, C4s, pyrolysis gasoline components Increasing in 2004 1985 РІР‚вЂњ 2003 Average = 100%.

Ethane availability enables Middle East supply growth.

naphtha cracking margins for generic USGC crackers Source: CMAI

Liquids Fixed Cost Energy Net Ethylene Cost Net Ethylene Cost.

30% from Liquids Liquids Cracking Refinery distillation Crude Oil Liquids Cracker Naphtha, Gas Oil Ethylene Co-products (Propylene, C4s, Gasoline, Aromatics) transportation fuels, heat, powerР”В®thylene manufacture From Liquids From Gas (NGL) Fixed Cost Energy.

Petrochemical feedstock: oil and gas Gas Cracking Separation of natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGLs) Ethane, Propane,Butane Raw Natural Gas РІР‚ВGasРІР‚в„ў Cracker Ethylene power, heat Is Liquids Cracking the Future of Gulf Coast Petrochemicals? Fran Keeth Executive Vice President Shell Chemicals Limited

Pasco capstone 1.9.0